Dr. 马克公司, 利乐全球最大体育平台的膜技术服务主管, 是全球公认的膜应用专家.
He provides expertise to the engineering and scientific community worldwide and participates in professional forums defining future directions for membrane 技术 and application development. Mark joined Tetra Tech in 2005 and specializes in 反渗透, 纳滤, 超滤, 微滤技术在海水淡化中的应用, 饮用水处理, 以及工业和城市污水的回收.
Mark actively reviews research projects and publications as a member of the editorial board of the Desalination Journal, as an advisory expert to the Middle East Desalination Research Center, 作为几家全球最大体育平台水处理的期刊的同行评审. 他定期向专业期刊投稿, 是否为几本书写过全球最大体育平台膜技术的章节, and recently completed a guidebook to membrane desalination 技术. Mark completed graduate studies in chemistry at Technion Technology Institute in Haifa, Israel.
什么是水再利用?
市政应用, water reuse refers to a process of advanced treatment of secondary municipal effluents to produce water of a potable quality. The treatment process typically consists of membrane filtration, followed by 反渗透. The 反渗透 permeate is treated with advanced oxidation process (AOP), which is an addition of strong oxidant and ultraviolet radiation to decompose remaining micropollutants. 产生的水, 加入消毒剂后, 注入饮用水含水层, which is then pumped as potable water after a few months of residence time. At some locations, the disinfected water is added directly to the potable water reservoirs.
How reliable is the water reuse process as an additional source of potable water supply?
The water reuse process is reliable due to the application of robust treatment technologies and the maintenance of regulatory safeguards to assure the quality of the produced water. The process of reclaiming wastewater to potable water has a long history of successful operation. 过程的每个组成部分-膜过滤, 反渗透, 而aop有多年的可靠表现记录.
在美国, advanced wastewater reclamation began with the opening of Water Factory 21 in Orange County, 加州, 作为每天500万加仑(MGD) (18.925立方米/天)设施. The current system capacity is 100 MGD (378,500 m3/d) and expanding to 130 MGD (492,000 m3/d). Since startup, the potable water quality has always met strict regulatory limits. It is well-known that water produced through advanced reclamation processes has lower concentration levels of potentially harmful contaminants than the concentration levels in the water supplied to 加州 from the Colorado River. The same high standards of potable water quality consistently are maintained in other wastewater reclamation plants in the United States and other countries.
也, 考虑饮用水供应的可靠性, the operation of a wastewater reclamation facility is less affected by potential ruptures of water conveying lines due to earthquakes or stoppages of operation due to algal blooms.
What limits acceptance of reclaimed water as a source of potable water in the United States and other countries?
In addition to common constraints of any large water treatment project, another major constraint is negative public perception and concerns regarding the quality of potable water originating from a wastewater source. 当地政府, 意识到这个问题, usually conducts a public outreach program before project implementation and during plant operations. It is common to include a water education center in the wastewater treatment plant where the public can learn about the treatment process and quality assurances being followed. 在大多数情况下, a well-conducted public outreach program is effective in changing public perception and creating broad acceptance of this new water source.
How is Tetra Tech supporting clients as they plan for the projected future development of wastewater reclamation?
Continued population growth increases water demand and affects the quality of natural water sources. 另外, improved analytical methods of testing water quality increases detection of micropollutants in natural water sources. 在未来, we can expect the treatment processes applied today to reclaimed wastewater to be applied to treat water from natural sources to assure the safety of potable water. These future conditions will blur public perception of differentiation between different water sources and will reduce cost differentials between water from natural sources and water produced through advanced reclamation processes.
Tetra Tech has extensive experience with numerous wastewater reclamation projects, 担任项目顾问, 成为系统构建团队的一员, 和/或参与工厂运营. Tetra Tech’s engineers follow the development of new treatment technologies closely and, 在某些情况下, 是否参与了这些新流程的开发. 在每一个新的废水回收项目, Tetra Tech’s engineers have worked hard to optimize the process and improve economics and reliability within the framework of regulatory constraints.